Substance
• method(s) of consumption • |
Health Effects |
I. ANABOLIC AGENTS (56)
• oral or intramuscular injection • |
Pro |
Con |
A. Exogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS):
-
1-androstendiol
-
1-androstendione
-
bolandiol
-
bolasterone
-
boldenone
-
boldione
-
calusterone
-
clostebol
-
danazol
-
dehydrochlormethyltestosterone
-
desoxymethyltestosterone
-
drostanolone
-
ethylestrenol
-
fluoxymesterone
-
formebolone
-
furazabol
-
gestrinone
-
4-hydroxytestosterone
-
mestanolone
-
mesterolone
-
metenolone
-
methandienone
-
methandriol
-
methasterone
-
methyldienolone
-
methyl-1-testosterone
-
methylnortestosterone
-
methyltrienolone
-
methyltestosterone
-
mibolerone
-
nandrolone
-
19-norandrostenedione
-
norboletone
-
norclostebol
-
norethandrolone
-
oxabolone
-
oxandrolone
-
oxymesterone
-
oxymetholone
-
prostanozol
-
quinbolone
-
stanozolol
-
stenbolone
-
1-testosterone
-
tetrahydrogestrinone
-
trenbolone
B. Endogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS):
- androstenediol
- androstenedione
- dihydrotestosterone
- prasterone
- testosterone
C. Other Anabolic Agents:
-
clenbuterol
-
selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs)
-
tibolone
-
zeranol
-
zilpaterol
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Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- endurance increase
- fat loss
- muscle recovery increase
-
muscular size and strength increase in combination with exercise
Used medically to treat the following symptoms and diseases:
- anemia
- asthma
- bone pain from osteoporosis
- gonadal function descrease or absence (males)
- hereditary angiodema metastatic breast cancer (females)
- muscle loss (i.e. burn injury, HIV-infection, muscular dystrophy)
- postmenopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and sweating (postmenopausal females)
- puberty delay (males)
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- abnormal menstrual cycles (females)
- acne
- aggressiveness
- asthenia
- baldness
- brain tissue damage
- breast enlargement (males)
- clitoris enlargement (females)
- depression
- dizzy spells
- fever
- hair growth on the face and body (females)
- HIV and other disease contraction due to contaminated needles used for injection of steroid
- hypertension
- impotence (males)
- kidney tumours
- liver dysfunction
- mania
- masculinization (females)
- muscle strains or ruptures
- myalgia
- nausea
- periorbital pain
- prostate gland enlargement (males)
- psychiatric dysfunction
- sexual appetite increase
- sperm production reduction (males)
- stunted growth (in adolescents)
- tearing of tendons
- testicular shrinkage or atrophy (males)
- voice deepening (females)
- vomiting
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II. HORMONES & RELATED SUBSTANCES (7) |
Health Effects |
Pro |
Con |
- Erythropoietin (EPO)
• oral •
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- endurance capabilities enhancement during exercise
-
muscle recovery increase
Used medically to treat the following symptoms and diseases:
- anemia due to kidney failure, HIV, and some cancers
|
- death
- deep vein thrombosis
- heart attack
- hyperviscosity of the blood
- myocardial infarction
- pulmonary embolism
- stroke
- thrombosis
|
- Growth Hormone (hGH),
• oral or intramuscular injection •
- Insulin-like Growth Factors (e.g. IGF-1),
• intramuscular injection •
- Mechano Growth Factors (MGFs)
• intramuscular injection •
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- body fat percentage decrease
- growth stimulation
- muscle definition enhancement
- muscle size and srength increase
- muscle tissue repair
- protein synthesis increase
Used medically to treat the following symptom and diseases:
- cosmetic symptoms of aging
- growth hormone deficiency in children
- growth retardation in children
- Turner’s syndrome
|
- abnormal body changes
- acromegaly
- antibody formation
- arthritis
- brain swelling
- cardiomyopathy
- congestive heart failure
- coronary artery disease
- Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease development when drug is produced from cadaveric specimens
- diabetes mellitus
- diabetic (hypoglycemic) coma
- facial nerve paralysis
- forehead and jaw shape change
- hand enlargement
- heart enlargement
- hypercholesterolemia
- hypoglycemia
- hypothyroidism
- impotence
- menstrual irregularities
- metabolic dysfunction
- myopathies
- osteoporosis
|
- Gonadotrophins (e.g. LH, hCG) – prohibited in males
• intramuscular injection •
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- masking agent (for anabolic steroids)
- testicular damage (due to anabolic steroid use) counteraction
- testosterone and epistestosterone production stimulation
Used medically to treat the following symptom:
- infertility (females)
|
- increased risk of gynaecomastia
- similar effects as anabolic steroids
|
- Insulins
• intramuscular injection •
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- muscle definition when used in conjunction with other substances
- muscle growth when used in conjunction with other substances
- protein breakdown reduction
Used medically to treat the following disease:
- diabetes
|
- brain damage
- breath shortness
- coma
- death
- drowsiness
- hypoglycaemia
- nausea
- shaking
- weakness
|
- Corticotrophins (ACTH)
• intramuscular injection •
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- increases adrenal corticosteroid levels
- antiinflammatory action aids recovery from injury
Used medically to treat the following symptom:
- spasms (infants)
|
- psychological effects such as irritability
- softening of connective tissue
- stomach irritation and ulcers
- weakening of an injured area in muscles, bones, tendons or ligaments, osteoporosis and cataracts
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III. BETA-2 AGONISTS (1)
• intravenous injection • |
Health Effects |
Pro |
Con |
- All beta-2 agonists including their D- and L- isomers
(except formoterol, salbutamol, salmeterol and terbutaline when administered by inhalation and Therapeutic Use Exemption is obtained)
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- aerobic exercise improvement
- fat reduction
- muscle growth
Used medically to treat the following symptom and disease:
- asthma
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
|
- anxiety
- arrhythmias
- dizziness
- headache
- insomnia
- mood disorders
- muscle cramps
- nausea
- palpitations
- sweating
- tachycardia
- tremor (usually of the hands)
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IV. HORMONE ANTAGONISTS & MODULATORS (13)
• intramuscular injection • |
Health Effects |
Pro |
Con |
A. Aromatase inhibitors including, but not limited to:
- aminoglutethimide
- anastrozole
- exemestane
- formestane
- letrozole
- testolactone
B. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) including, but not limited to:
- raloxifene
- tamoxifen
- toremifene
C. Other anti-estrogenic substances, including but not limited to:
- clomiphene
- cyclofenil
- fulvestrant
D. Agents modifying myostatin function(s) including but not limited to:
- myostatin inhibitors
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- anabolic effects
- strength increase
- reduction of anabolic steroid use side effects (i.e. breast tissue growth)
Used medically to treat the following symptom and disease:
- breast cancer
- infertility (females)
|
- abdominal discomfort
- cancer
- hot flushes
- libido reduction
- verbal slurring
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V. DIURETICS & OTHER MASKING AGENTS (16)
• intramuscular injection • |
Health Effects |
Pro |
Con |
A. Diuretics:
- acetazolamide
- amiloride
- bumetanide
- canrenone
- chlorthalidone
- etacrynic acid
- furosemide
- indapamide
- metolazone
- spironolactone
- thiazides
- triamterene
B. Other masking agents:
- epitestosterone
- probenecid
- alpha-reductase inhibitors
- plasma expanders
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- prevent detection of banned substances
- produce urine excretion to reduce concentration of banned substances
- weight loss
Used medically to treat the following symptoms:
- heart failure from the kidneys
- high blood pressure
|
- blood pressure drop
- cramps
- death
- dehydration
- dizziness
- electrolyte imbalance
- headaches
- heart failure
- kidney failure
- muscle cramps
- nausea
- potassium depletion
- volume depletion
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VI. STIMULANTS (62)
• oral, inhalation, intranasal, or intramuscular injection • |
Health Effects |
Pro |
Con |
- adrafinil
- adrenaline
- amfepramone
- amiphenazole
- amphetamine
- amphetaminil
- benzphetamine
- benzylpiperazine
- bromantan
- cathine
- clobenzorex
- cocaine
- cropropamide
- crotetamide
- cyclazodone
- dimethylamphetamine
- ephedrine
- etamivan
- etilamphetamine
- etilefrine
- famprofazone
- fenbutrazate
- fencamfamin
- fencamine
- fenetylline
- fenfluramine
- fenproporex
- furfenorex
- heptaminol
- isometheptene
- levmethamfetamine
- meclofenoxate
- mefenorex
- mephentermine
- mesocarb
- methamphetamine (D-)
- methylenedioxyamphetamine
- methylenedioxymethamphetamine
- methylamphetamine
- methylephedrine
- methylphenidate
- modafinil
- nikethamide
- norfenefrine
- norfenfluramine
- octopamine
- ortetamine
- oxilofrine
- parahydroxyamphetamine
- pemoline
- pentetrazol
- phendimetrazine
- phenmetrazine
- phenpromethamine
- phentermine
- 4-phenylpiracetam (carphedon)
- prolintane
- propylhexedrine
- selegiline
- sibutramine
- strychnine
- tuaminoheptane
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- aggressiveness increase
- alertness increase
- competitiveness increase
- responsiveness increase
- tiredness reduction
- weight loss
Used medically to treat the following symptoms:
- allergies
- asthma
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- cold
- headache
- nasal congestion
|
- addiction/withdrawal
- aggressiveness
- alertness
- anxiety
- blood pressure increase
- cardiac arrhythmia
- cerebral hemorrhage
- coma
- convulsions
- death
- dehydration
- hand tremors
- heart attack
- heart rate increase
- heat stroke
- inhibited judgment and decision making
- insomnia
- stroke
- sweating
- tremor
- weight loss
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VII. NARCOTICS (11)
• oral or intramuscular/intravenous injection • |
Health Effects |
Pro |
Con |
- buprenorphine
- dextromoramide
- diamorphine (heroin)
- fentanyl
- hydromorphone
- methadone
- morphine
- oxycodone
- oxymorphone
- pentazocine
- pethidine
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- invincibility feeling
- pain killer
- pain threshold increase
- sensation of euphoria
Used medically to treat the following symptoms:
- pain
|
- addiction/withdrawal
- balance and coordination loss
- cardiovascular collapse
- concentration ability decrease
- death
- injury risk
- nausea
- respiratory depression
- sleepiness
- vomiting
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VIII. CANNABINOIDS (1)
• oral or inhalation • |
Health Effects |
Pro |
Con |
- cannabinoids (i.e. hashish, marijuana)
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- euphoric sensation
- sedative
Used medically to treat the following symptoms:
|
- addiction/withdrawal
- anxiety
- apathy
- appetite increase
- balance and coordination impairment
- bronchitis
- cancer in the lung, throat, mouth, and tongue
- concentration loss
- drowsiness
- hallucinations
- heart rate increase
- dry mouth
- learning ability impairment
- memory impairment
- mood swings
- motivation loss
- motor skill impairment
- panic attacks
- paranoid thinking
- reflex loss
- weight gain
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IX. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS (1)
• oral, rectal, inhalation, intravenous, or intramuscular injection • |
Health Effects |
Pro |
Con |
- glucocorticosteroids
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- anti-inflammatory agent
Used medically to treat the following symptoms:
-
arthritis
-
asthma
-
inflamed joints
-
allergic reactions
|
- fluid retention
- hyperglycemia
- mood alteration
- musculoskeletal problems
- systemic infections
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X. ALCOHOL (1)
• oral • |
Health Effects |
Pro |
Con |
- ethanol
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- anti-anxiety effect
- maximize effects of other drugs taken at the same time
- sedative
|
- addiction/withdrawal
- cirrhosis of the liver
- death
- depression
- double vision
- incontinence
- judgment impairment
- memory and comprehension loss
- reflex and muscular coordination impairment
- sleepiness
- speech slurring
- suicide
- vomiting
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XI. BETA-BLOCKERS (20)
• oral • |
Health Effects |
Pro |
Con |
- acebutolol
- alprenolol
- atenolol
- betaxolol
- bisoprolol
- bunolol
- carteolol
- carvedilol
- celiprolol
- esmolol
- labetalol
- levobunolol
- metipranolol
- metoprolol
- nadolol
- oxprenolol
- pindolol
- propranolol
- sotalol
- timolol
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- muscle tremor reduction in precision sports
- sedative
Used medically to treat the following symptoms:
- anxiety
- heart problems
- high blood pressure
- migraine
|
- blood pressure lowering
- heart rate decrease
- performance capacity decrease in endurance sports
- sleep disturbance
- tiredness
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XII. BANNED METHODS (3) |
Health Effects |
Pro |
Con |
- enhancement of oxygen transfer (i.e. blood doping and artificially enhancing the uptake, transport or delivery of oxygen)
|
Enhances athletic performance in the following ways:
- endurance performance improvement
- ability to perform better at higher altitudes
|
- allergic
reactions if wrong blood type is used
- blood poisoning
- cardiac output decrease
- contraction of infectious diseases such as viral hepatitis, malaria, cytomegalovirus, or HIV
- death
- heart failure
- hypertension
- immune system overload
- infection
- intravascular clotting
- iron overload
- kidney damage
- platelet count reduction
- sexual dysfunction
- thrombosis
- transient fever
|
- chemical and physical manipulation
|
Chemical and physical manipulation of samples can include tampering with samples, substitution and/or alteration of urine, catheterisation, and intravenous infusion. Such manipulation can allow athletes to benefit from the use of performance enhancing drugs without testing positive for prohibited substances.
Intravenous infusion is also prohibited unless there is an acute medical situation (i.e. acute blood loss) in which the use of this method is necessary.
|
- infection
- over hydration
|
- gene doping
|
Gene doping, when used in sports, can provide a variety of performance enhancing effects depending on the function of the gene.
In terms of medical treatment, there have been cases of doctors using gene therapy to treat patients with chronic or fatal illnesses.
|
Effects are unknown due to expertimental phase of gene doping technologies |
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